Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of information on the acceptability of fermented yam-based ice cream, as well as its sensorial profile. For this, the acceptance and check all that apply (CATA) tests were performed in two sessions by 102 tasters. In the first session, consumers received only brief information about the ice cream preparation. Additional information about the healthy contribution of the product was provided to the consumers in the second session. In the acceptance test, significant differences between the sessions were observed (p < 0.05) for the flavor attribute. Information on health benefits contributed by a reduction of “dislike moderately” and “dislike very much” classes (mainly 50-80%), and an increase of “like slightly” and “like moderately” classes (mainly 30-50%) in the acceptability test in the second session. The first session, the ice cream was related to coconut water and acid flavors and sandy texture, while in the second session it was described as yogurt flavor and creamy texture. There was a tendency to assign more pleasant characteristics to the second session. Therefore, the ice cream acceptance and sensory profile described by consumers were affected by the provided information, especially for the male group.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil proteico de café arábica (Coffea arabica) fermentado por via natural e semisseco, submetido ou a tratamentos com diferentes métodos de inoculação com culturas iniciadoras ou a um controle sem inoculação. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0543 e Candida parapsilosis CCMA 0544 foram inoculadas separadamente no café, por pulverização direta nos frutos-cereja, em um terreiro suspenso, ou em baldes, por 16 horas antes da secagem ao sol. A quantificação de proteínas mostrou uma diferença significativa no perfil proteico das amostras colhidas, após fermentação seca natural. A análise MALDI-TOF MS gerou uma lista de 96 picos com diferentes proporções massa/carga (m/z), nas amostras colhidas no início e ao final da fermentação. O maior número de picos no café processado seco ao natural foi observado ao final da fermentação nas amostras com inoculação de S. cerevisiae CCMA 0543, no balde e nas amostras de C. parapsilosis CCMA 0544 pulverizadas no terraço. No entanto, no café processado semisseco, o maior número de picos foi observado no tempo inicial de fermentação, com diminuição dos picos dos peptídeos após a fermentação. A fermentação com diferentes microrganismos, tipos de processamento e métodos de inoculação afeta os perfis m/z e influencia os tipos de proteínas encontradas no café.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the protein profiles of natural and semidry fermented Coffea arabica, either subjected to treatments with different yeast inoculation methods with starter culture or to an uninoculated control. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0543 and Candida parapsilosis CCMA 0544 were separately inoculated into coffee by directly spraying the cherries on a terrace or in buckets, for 16 hours before sun drying. Protein quantification showed a significant difference between the protein profiles of the samples collected after natural dry fermentation. The MALDI-TOF MS analysis generated a list of 96 peaks with different mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) in the samples collected at the beginning and the end of fermentation. The highest number of peaks in the natural dry coffee was observed at the end of fermentation in the samples inoculated with S. cerevisiae CCMA 0543, in bucket, and in C. parapsilosis CCMA 0544 sprayed on the terrace. However, in the semidry processed coffee, the highest number of peaks was observed in the initial fermentation, with a decrease in the peptide peaks after fermentation. The fermentation with different microorganisms, processing types, and inoculation methods affects m/z profiles, influencing the types of proteins found in coffee.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso do biossensor de Maldi-Tof MS na avaliação microbiana de grãos de kefir. Maldi-Tof MS é uma nova metodologia para o diagnóstico rápido de micro-organismos. Um total de 358 micro-organismos foram isolados, 31 foram leveduras e 327 foram bactérias (divididas em bactérias láticas e acéticas). Colônias microbianas foram cultivadas em meio Luria-Bertani (LB) e incubadas a 35 °C por 18h e posteriormente utilizadas na identificação a nível de espécies pelo Maldi-Tof MS. A população microbiana identificada nos grãos de kefir brasileiros foi Lactobacillus paracasei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus plantarum, Acetobacter pasteurianus e Acetobacter syzygii. Este estudo demonstrou uma identificação rápida e precisa dos micro-organismos de grãos de kefir brasileiros utilizando o biossensor Maldi-Tof MS. Em conclusão, a tecnologia Maldi-Tof MS pode facilitar o controle microbiológico em um processo de fermentação usando grãos de kefir como culturas iniciadoras.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Maldi-Tof MS biosensor in microbial assessment of Brazilian kefir grains. Maldi-Tof MS is a new methodology for the rapid diagnosis of microorganisms. A total of 358 microorganisms were isolated, 31 were yeasts and 327 were bacteria (divided into lactic and acetic bacteria). Microbial colonies were grown in Luria-Bertani agar medium and incubated at 35 °C for 18h and used in the identification of species by Maldi-Tof MS. The microbial population identified in Brazilian kefir grains was Lactobacillus paracasei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus plantarum, Acetobacter pasteurianus, and Acetobacter syzygii. This study demonstrated a rapid and accurate identification of the Brazilian kefir grains microorganisms using the Maldi-Tof MS biosensor. In conclusion, the Maldi-Tof MS technology can facilitate the microbiological control in a fermentation process using kefir grains as starter cultures.

Abstract This exploratory work aims to identify the potential inhibitors of lactic bacterial growth and to propose enological practices to guarantee the occurrence of spontaneous malolactic fermentation (MLF) in wines from traditional and double-pruning management harvests in southeast Brazil. One white wine from a summer harvest and one red wine from a winter harvest that failed to complete MLF were utilized as comparative models to identify inhibitor compounds to lactic bacteria. Wine composition, alcoholic-fermentation temperature and bacterial strain contribute to the success or failure of MLF. Temperatures below 12 °C during alcoholic fermentation decrease lactic bacterial metabolism and may impair the bacteria’s growth after yeast cells lysis. A must pH below 3.2 in a summer harvest impairs bacterial growth, and the association of low pH with a free-SO2 concentration above 10 mg L-1 may inhibit MLF. For grapes with a high sugar content, harvested in the winter cycle, enologists should keep the alcohol content below 15% and control the alcoholic-fermentation temperature.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o uso de biossensor a laser para a avaliação da atividade metabólica microbiana do vinagre de kefir. Os grãos de kefir foram inoculados em mosto de maçã e analisados diariamente pela técnica de biospeckle. A atividade biológica inicial foi de 14,21 pixels por valor absoluto das diferenças (AVD). A atividade biológica dos grãos de kefir diminuiu nos primeiros dias de fermentação e aumentou no quarto dia para 11,51 pixels por AVD; no entanto, no último dia, a atividade biológica dos grãos de kefir diminuiu para 7,12 pixels (fermentação alcoólica) e 6,77 pixels por AVD (fermentação acética). Esta nova metodologia do biospeckle facilita o controle microbiológico em processos fermentativos.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to verify the use of a laser biosensor for the microbial metabolic activity assessment of kefir vinegar. Kefir grains were inoculated in apple must and were analyzed daily using the biospeckle technique. The initial biological activity was of 14.21 pixels per absolute value of differences (AVD). The biological activity of kefir grains decreased in the early days of fermentation and increased on the fourth day to 11.51 pixels per AVD; however, on the last day, the biological activity of kefir grains decreased to 7.12 pixels (alcoholic fermentation) and to 6.77 pixels per AVD (acetic fermentation). This new biospeckle methodology facilitates the microbiological control in fermentation processes.

Abstract Hovenia dulcis pseudofruits have underexplored properties for food purposes, despite their pleasant sensory characteristics and therapeutic benefits. The aim of this study was the elaboration and chemical characterization of the alcoholic fermented beverage of H. dulcis, using selected strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CCMA 0200). The resulting fermented beverage presented high content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity when compared to other fruits and beverages (DPPH and ABTS assay). The alcohol content was 12.9 oGL and total sugars 3.57g/L. By the GC-MS analysis, 39 compounds were identified including metabolites with therapeutic potential such as eugenol, trans-farnesol salicylates. The flavonoid dihidromyricetin was identified and quantified (75.17 mg/L) by HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS/MS. The results reinforce the interest on nutraceutical and functional properties of this beverage and opens perspectives for new studies that value this underexplored pseudofruit.

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a kefir apple-based vinegar and evaluate this fermentation process using new methodology with Biospeckle Laser. Brazilian kefir grains were inoculated in apple must for vinegar production. In this study, the microbial community present in kefir, and correspondent vinegar, was investigated using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization - Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Acetobacter pasteurianus and Acetobacter syzygii were the microbial species identified. S. cerevisiae, L. plantarum, A. pasteurianus and A. syzygii were found in smaller quantities at the beginning of the alcoholic fermentation, but were found throughout the alcoholic and acetic fermentation. Kefir grains were able to utilize apple must as substrate to produce ethanol, and acetic acid. Acetate, volatile alcohols and aldehydes in the vinegar-based kefir were also produced. The yield of acetic acid in the kefir vinegars was ∼79%. The acetic acid concentration was ∼41 g L-1, reaching the required standard for the Brazilian legislation accepts it as vinegar (4.0% acetic acid). Kefir vinegar showed good acceptance in the sensory analysis. The technology proposed here is novel by the application of immobilized-cell biomass (kefir grains) providing a mixed inocula and eliminating the use of centrifuge at the end of the fermentative process. This step will save energy demand and investment. This is the first study to produce apple vinegar using kefir grains.

Lactococcus lactis e Saccharomyces cerevisiae foram avaliados em co-cultura durante fermentação para a produção de cachaça. L. lactis UFLA CA 312 e S. cerevisiae UFLA CA 11 foram utilizados com populações de aproximadamente 105 CFU mL-1 e 108 UFC mL-1, respectivamente. O meio contendo caldo de cana de açúcar, adicionado de 1% de extrato de levedura (SCM) foi eficiente para o crescimento de L. lactis UFLA CA 312 e S. cerevisiae UFLA CA 11 (letra 'b' no teste de Tukey). Nas fermentações conduzidas em frascos e dornas o crescimento da levedura não foi influenciado negativamente pela bactéria lática. Entretanto, após 19h de fermentação, a população bacteriana apresentou pequeno decréscimo. Considerando os parâmetros alcoóis superiores e aldeídos, a cachaça produzida pela cultura pura de S. cerevisiae foi semelhante à cachaça produzida pela cultura mista. A cachaça produzida pela cultura mista apresentou elevados valores de acidez volátil (letra 'b' no teste Scott-Knott), sendo caracterizada por este parâmetro na análise de componente principal. Uma elevada porcentagem de aceitação (81,10%) para o atributo aroma foi observada para as amostras de cachaça produzidas com a cultura mista.

Lactococcus lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in co-culture were evaluated during sugar cane fermentantion for cachaça production. The inocula containing L. lactis UFLA CA 312 and S. cerevisiae UFLA CA 11 were used in the population of approximately 105 CFU mL-1 and 108 CFU mL-1, respectively. The sugar cane medium plus 1% of yeast extract (SCM) was efficient for growth of L. lactis UFLA CA 312 and S. cerevisiae UFLA CA 11 (letter 'b'-Tukey test). In flasks and vats fermentation the growth of UFLA CA 11 was not negatively influenced by L. lactis UFLA CA 312. However, after 19 hours of fermentation, bacterial population showed a slight decrease. Considering parameters higher alcohols and aldehydes, cachaça produced by pure culture of S. cerevisiae was similar to cachaça produced by mixed culture. Cachaça produced by mixed culture showed high values of volatile acidity (letter 'b'-Tukey test) being characterized by this parameters in the principal component analysis. High percentage of acceptance (81.10%) for the attribute aroma was observed in samples from cachaça produced by mixed culture.

Sixty six indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were evaluated in stressful conditions (temperature, osmolarity, sulphite and ethanol tolerance) and also ability to flocculate. Eighteen strains showed tolerant characteristics to these stressful conditions, growing at 42 ºC, in 0.04% sulphite, 1 mol L-1 NaCl and 12% ethanol. No flocculent characteristics were observed. These strains were evaluated according to their fermentative performance in sugar cane juice. The conversion factors of substrates into ethanol (Yp/s), glycerol (Yg/s) and acetic acid (Yac/s), were calculated. The highest values of Yp/s in sugar cane juice fermentation were obtained by four strains, one isolated from fruit (0.46) and the others from sugar cane (0.45, 0.44 and 0.43). These values were higher than the value obtained using traditional yeast (0.38) currently employed in the Brazilian bioethanol industry. The parameters Yg/s and Yac/s were low for all strains. The UFLA FW221 presented the higher values for parameter related to bioethanol production. Thus, it was tested in co-culture with Lactobacillus fermentum. Besides this, a 20-L vessel for five consecutive batches of fermentation was performed. This strain was genetically stable and remained viable during all batches, producing high amounts of ethanol. The UFLA FW221 isolated from fruit was suitable to produce bioethanol in sugar cane juice. Therefore, the study of the biodiversity of yeasts from different environmental can reveal strains with desired characteristics to industrial applications.

Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a capacidade de secreção de proteases extracelulares por 144 microrganismos, previamente isolados de grãos de café (Coffea arabica) durante fermentação por via seca, e determinar a atividade das enzimas produzidas. Os microrganismos foram cultivados em ágar-caseína para avaliação da produção de enzimas proteolíticas. Dos 40 isolados de bactéria presentes na amostra, 52,5% apresentaram resultado positivo para o teste. Considerando os 66 isolados de fungos filamentosos, 50% foram capazes de secretar proteases, enquanto que dos 38 isolados de leveduras, apenas 2,6% conseguiram promover a hidrólise da caseína do meio. Os isolados que apresentaram capacidade de secreção de proteases foram, posteriormente, cultivados em meio líquido para a determinação da atividade enzimática em diferentes valores de pH (5,0, 7,0 e 9,0) a 30 º C. Os isolados Aspergillus ochraceus (48,7 U), Fusarium moniliforme 221 (37,5 U) e F. solani 359 (37,4 U) apresentaram os melhores resultados de atividade enzimática, o que foi verificado em pH 9,0. Também neste pH os isolados Bacillus subtilis 333 (27,1 U), Tatumella ptyseos (27,0 U) e B. megaterium 817 (26,2 U) apresentaram maior valor de atividade. A levedura Citeromyces matritensis apresentou atividade em pH 5,0 (2.40 U).

One hundred forty-four microorganisms previously isolated from coffee fruit (Coffea arabica) were grown on casein agar to evaluate their proteolytic activities. Fifty percent of filamentous fungi, 52.5% of bacteria and 2.6% of yeasts were able to secrete proteases. Positive isolates were further examined in liquid culture for their protease activities by hydrolysis of casein at different pH values (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0) at 30 º C. Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Kurthia sp, Pseudomonas paucimobilis and Tatumella ptyseos demonstrated the highest proteolytic activities at pH 9.0. One yeast isolate, Citeromyces matritensis, had a proteolytic activity of 2.40 U at pH 5.0. Aspergillus dimorphicus, A. ochraceus, Fusarium moniliforme, F. solani, Penicillium fellutanum and P. waksmanii showed the highest activities. Of the bacterial isolates, the highest enzyme activities were observed in B. subtilis 333 (27.1 U), Tatumella ptyseos (27.0 U) and B. megaterium 817 (26.2 U). Of the filamentous fungi, Aspergillus ochraceus (48.7 U), Fusarium moniliforme 221 (37.5 U) and F. solani 359 (37.4 U) had the highest activities at pH 9.0.

O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é um alimento básico na refeição do brasileiro, constituindo uma das principais fontes proteicas da dieta, além de fornecer outros macronutrientes e minerais. Apesar da considerável concentração de proteínas no feijão, este alimento é considerado de baixo valor biológico, quando comparado a proteínas animais e a outras fontes proteicas vegetais. Visando melhorar a disponibilidade proteica do feijão, foram realizados tratamentos enzimáticos em quatro cultivares de feijão (ON; OPNS, TAL e VC3). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 4 × 3 (quatro cultivares e três tratamentos: testemunha, sem protease; hidrolisado 1, adição de protease comercial (Trypsin 250, Difco); hidrolisado 2, adição de protease de Bacillus sp.) com 4 repetições. A relação enzima:substrato foi 5% (m/m, considerando a quantidade de proteínas totais nas amostras de farinha). A concentração de proteínas totais (g.100 g-1 de matéria seca) nas amostras variou de 16,94 a 18,06%, enquanto a concentração de fenólicos totais esteve entre 0,78 e 1,12% (g Eq. ácido tânico.100 g-1 de matéria seca). A digestibilidade protéica in vitro na farinha não tratada enzimaticamente (testemunha) variou entre 47,30 e 56,17%, em relação à digestibilidade da caseína. As concentrações de P, K, Ca, Mg, S e Zn observadas nas quatro cultivares testadas se encontram dentro dos valores médios disponíveis na literatura. No tratamento com protease de Bacillus sp., houve diminuição nos teores de Cu e Mn. O teor médio de Fe aumentou nas farinhas tratadas enzimaticamente, chegando ao incremento máximo de 102% para a farinha da TAL tratada com protease de Bacillus sp. A digestibilidade de todas as farinhas testadas aumentou significativamente (p < 0,05) em função do tratamento enzimático. A maior variação foi observada na cultivar OPNS, cujos valores, respectivamente, para a testemunha e protease de Bacillus sp. , foram 54,4 e 81,6%.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a staple food in the Brazilian diet and represents the major source of dietary protein and other micronutrients and minerals. Despite the considerable protein concentration in beans, the food is considered of low biological value when compared to animal proteins and other plant protein sources. To improve the availability of protein in beans, enzymatic treatments were performed in four cultivars (ON, OPNS, TAL and VC3). The approach was a completely randomized design with four replicates. We used a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement (four cultivars and three treatments: treatment 1-addition of commercial protease (Trypsin 250, Difco), treatment 2-addition of protease from Bacillus sp., and treatment 3:-control without enzyme addition). The enzyme: substrate ratio was 5% w/w (amount of enzyme per total protein in bean flour). The approach was a completely randomized design with four replicates. A 4 × 3 factorial arrangement (four cultivars and three treatments, the same as those mentioned above) was used. The concentration of total protein (g.100 g-1 of dry matter) in the samples ranged from 16.94 to 18.06%, while the concentration of total phenolics was between 0.78 and 1.12% (g Eq. tannic acid.100 g-1 dry matter). The in vitro protein digestibility of enzymatically untreated bean flour (control) ranged from 47.30 to 56.17% based on the digestibility of casein. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn observed in the four cultivars tested were within the average values available in the literature. Treatment 2 with protease from Bacillus sp. induced decreases in the levels of Cu and Mn. The average Fe content increased in all bean flour samples when treated with proteases, reaching a maximum increase of 102% in the TAL flour treated with protease from Bacillus sp. The digestibility of all beans tested was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the enzyme treatment. The greatest change was observed in the OPNS cultivar treated with protease from Bacillus sp., which increased its digestibility from 54.4% (control treatment) to 81.6%.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a elaboração de um processo de fermentação a partir do mosto de polpa de cajá, Spondias mombin, para a obtenção de uma bebida alcoólica, bem como a avaliação da aceitação da mesma. As polpas das frutas utilizadas foram quimicamente analisadas (açúcares, acidez, pectina, vitamina C, pectinases, amido e fenólicos). A polpa de cajá foi chaptalizada a 24°Brix, constituindo 20L de mosto. O mosto foi desacidificado, com CaCO3, a pH 3,8, para ser submetido ao tratamento enzimático com UltrazymR AFP-L (Novo DK). Foi utilizado SO2 como agente inibidor do crescimento bacteriano e como antioxidante. O mosto foi clarificado com bentonite. Posteriormente, o mosto foi inoculado com Saccharomyces cerevisiae tipo selvagem na concentração de 10(7) células/mL. A fermentação foi conduzida a 22°C durante 10 dias, com acompanhamento diário do grau Brix e da atividade fermentativa pela liberação de CO2. Ao final da fermentação, o mosto foi armazenado a 10°C por 10 dias e foi feita a primeira trasfega. A segunda trasfega ocorreu 30 dias após a primeira, antes da filtração. Na bebida elaborada foram feitas análises de etanol, glicerol, ácidos orgânicos, álcoois superiores, metanol, ésteres e acetaldeído. Observou-se alta concentração de álcoois superiores, os quais são normalmente responsáveis pela formação do sabor e aroma em bebidas alcóolicas. A aceitação da bebida foi avaliada por 45 provadores não treinados, utilizando-se escala hedônica de 9 pontos. Os dados mostraram que o fermentado de cajá foi bem aceito, podendo ser uma nova fonte de investimento para indústrias ou pequenos produtores.

The aim of this work was to define the methodology to produce and evaluate the acceptance of alcoholic beverage made from yellow mombin (Spondias mombin) fruit pulp. The fruit pulp used was chemically characterised (sugars, acidity, pectin, vitamin C, pectinases, starch and phenols). The yellow mombin fruit pulp had its sugar content adjusted to 24°Brix with a sucrose solution. The must was deacidified using CaCO3 until it reached pH value of 3.8 and then enzymatically treated with Ultrazym AFP-L (Novo DK). Sulphur dioxide, as potassium metabissulfite, was used as an inhibitor of bacterial growth and as an antioxidant. Bentonite was also added to aid the must clarification. After these adjustments the must was inoculated with 10(7) cell/ml of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild type strain. The fermentation was carried out at 22°C for 10 days, with daily monitoring of Brix and fermentation activity by the liberation of CO2. At the end of the fermentation, the fermented must was stored at 10°C for 10 days and a first separation of the yeasts and solids particles was done. The second separation was done 30 days later, before the filtration. Ethanol, glycerol, organic acids, higher alcohols, methanol, esters and acetaldehyde were analysed in the final product. There was a high concentration of higher alcohols, which are usually responsible for the flavour found in alcoholic beverages. The acceptance of the drink was tested with 45 non-experienced panellists using the hedonic scale (1-9). The beverage was well accepted and might be a good investiment for small or medium companies.